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Autonomous methods sit on the intersection of AI, IoT, cloud architectures, and agile software program growth practices. Varied streams of those methods have gotten outstanding, comparable to unmanned drones, self-driving vehicles, automated warehouses, and managing capabilities in good cities. The drone trade alone was estimated at US $100 billion in 2020, and autonomous methods are already driving considerably extra worth throughout different domains.
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However surprisingly little consideration has been paid to securing autonomous methods as methods composed of a number of automated parts. Varied patchwork efforts have targeted on particular person parts. In tandem, cloud companies are beginning to undertake a Zero Belief method for securing the chain of belief that may traverse a number of methods.

With that, it has change into crucial to increase a Zero Belief structure to methods of autonomous methods to guard not solely drones but in addition industrial tools, provide chain automation, and good cities.

Within the close to future, autonomous methods will convey a brand new degree of digital transformation to the trade value trillions of {dollars}, together with automating transportation, visitors administration, municipal companies, regulation enforcement, transport, port administration, development, agriculture, and extra.

Autonomous enterprise methods are additional enriching these extra bodily facets of autonomous methods. Gartner coined the time period
hyperautomation to explain instruments for scaling automation utilizing software program robots that had been valued at $534 billion in 2021.² Regardless of the significance of autonomous methods, surprisingly little analysis has targeted on securing autonomous methods as a set of methods.

This isn’t to say that researchers are ignoring safety — in spite of everything, safety infrastructure and instruments are a multi-billion greenback trade. However in terms of securing bodily parts, a lot of the main target has been on securing particular person parts comparable to knowledge, software program, {hardware}, and communications hyperlinks quite than the habits of an ensemble of autonomous methods.

Regardless of the significance of autonomous methods, surprisingly little analysis has targeted on securing autonomous methods as a set of methods.

Equally, researchers are simply beginning to scratch the floor of defending towards swarms of autonomous issues guided with malicious intent. Simply final 12 months, a half dozen exactly focused malicious drones managed to sluggish oil manufacturing in Saudi Arabia for days, and extra lately, a number of low-cost drones induced important harm to grease tankers within the UAE. This illustrates the significance of detecting hostile drones getting into safe areas.

This sort of safety is only the start of what’s going to be required to maneuver in direction of a bigger scale deployment of drones as envisioned by the U.S Federal Aviation Administration’s past visible line of sight (BVLOS) rules.
³ These rules promise to open immense business alternatives to enhance industrial inspection, transport, and distant monitoring.

Nonetheless, wider scale deployment would require a extra systemic method to guard towards the influence of hundreds of low-cost autonomous drones working in live performance.

A extra complete method is required to guard the safety and resilience of autonomous methods and shield towards cyber-physical assaults that leverage autonomous methods.TII

Autonomous Safety for Sensible Cities

Autonomous safety can also be a urgent subject for industrial methods and good metropolis use circumstances. Hackers have gotten higher at coordinating thousands and thousands of IoT gadgets to launch a devastating distributed denial of service assaults on pc servers at this time.

Related ways that leveraged bodily and cell autonomous issues might prolong the blast radius past IT infrastructure to destroy bodily infrastructure like factories, pipelines, electrical grids, or worse. A extra complete method is required to guard the safety and resilience of autonomous methods and shield towards cyber-physical assaults that leverage autonomous methods.

The
Expertise Innovation Institute (TII)’s Safe Techniques Analysis Centre (SSRC) is main one promising method to constructing an autonomous safety testbed that explores the interaction between how {hardware}, software program, and communications methods might be exploited in order that they are often hardened.

The early phases of this work are targeted on defending scalable swarms of unmanned aerial autos managed by the cloud. The long-term objective is to create a framework for understanding and defending towards autonomous safety dangers throughout all varieties of infrastructure, together with fleets of vehicles, automated warehouses, development websites, farms, and good cities.

Through the years, fundamental autonomous capabilities have grown into virtually each side of our bodily infrastructure, from automated braking in particular person vehicles to orchestrating energy circulate throughout nationwide electrical grids with precision. Autonomous methods are already demonstrating great worth at this time, and we’re simply scratching the floor. For instance, Goldman Sachs estimated that unmanned autonomous autos (UAV) had grown right into a $100 billion trade in 2021.
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Army functions accounted for about 70 % of this spending. Nonetheless, business functions had been additionally substantial in development, agriculture, insurance coverage claims, offshore oil, gasoline and refining, pipelines, utilities, and mining. For instance, the development trade makes use of drones to robotically seize footage of development websites earlier than, throughout, and after the development course of.

Drones carrying lidar and high-resolution cameras can robotically generate 3D fashions in minutes that might have beforehand taken people days or even weeks. This makes it sensible to maintain tabs on buildings as they’re being constructed, monitor progress, and determine errors when they’re cheaper to repair. After development, drones may also survey bodily infrastructure like bridges to determine cracks and different issues earlier than the entire construction suffers an even bigger downside.

Drones are additionally bettering the planning and administration of huge farms. For instance, drones with spectral imaging cameras can rapidly determine nutrient deficiencies, pest outbreaks, and drought, permitting farmers to deal with them extra exactly and cheaply. Within the UAE, drones have additionally helped map your complete nation’s agricultural assets in a matter of days, which might not have been sensible utilizing bodily surveys alone.
⁵ In one other effort, UAE groups used drones to plant 6.25 million timber in solely two days.
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Scaling Safe Autonomous Techniques

It’s simple to get caught up in autonomous methods as a single self-driving automobile or particular person drone. Nonetheless, the actual promise of autonomous methods comes when autonomous capabilities are concurrently scaled to enhance the management of particular person issues, the orchestration of a set of issues, and the understanding of issues at scale.

The person-level might be thought of because the evolution from cruise management to automated braking and totally self-driving vehicles. The orchestration degree entails the evolution from synchronized visitors lights to dynamically adjusted visitors lights to superior mapping companies that route vehicles round visitors jams. Autonomous understanding methods embrace visitors monitoring cameras to crowdsourcing dashcam video into dynamically up to date digital twins for bettering total visitors.
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These similar three components of management, orchestration, and understanding play out throughout varied use circumstances. A warehouse robotic may scale back the necessity for workers. An autonomous warehouse administration system might optimize the scheduling and staging of things within the warehouse. In distinction, an autonomous understanding system might assist reengineer the warehouse design to additional improve efficiency in the identical house.

This mixture of autonomous management, autonomous orchestration, and autonomous understanding is already displaying some promise within the UAE. For instance, one pilot undertaking has created an autonomous port truck system that automates the method of shifting transport containers from boats to vans.
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Gartner refers back to the simultaneous evolution of management, orchestration, and understanding in IT methods as
hyperautomation. On this case, enterprises use particular person robotic course of automation (RPA) software program robots (referred to as bots) to automate a set of human duties. Orchestration engines assist arrange the circulate of labor throughout a number of bots.

Then course of and activity mining bots analyze enterprise functions and even watch over the shoulders of people to search out additional alternatives for enchancment. Researchers are simply beginning to discover how related practices could also be prolonged to incorporate autonomous autos.

The Subsequent Problem in Techniques Safety

That is likely one of the causes ATRC’s ASPIRE selected to deal with autonomous swarm coordination as a part of its
subsequent grand problem undertaking.⁹ ASPIRE is tasked with internet hosting grand problem competitions loosely organized just like the US DARPA’s problem that spearheaded analysis on autonomous autos.

The upcoming problem duties researchers with discovering one of the simplest ways to orchestrate a swarm for drones to seek for and retrieve objects hidden on ships which might be too heavy for any particular person drone. The necessity for end- to-end safety and resilience Enterprises and safety researchers are simply beginning to battle with defending particular person autonomous issues, a lot much less swarms. A brand new safety method is required for some of these swarms to scale for real- world functions.

The early technology of IoT gadgets had been rushed to market with solely fundamental issues on how they may be protected towards hackers or securely up to date towards new threats. Many of those early gadgets usually are not updateable after the actual fact. Consequently, they’re a preferred goal for hackers wanting to create large-scale botnets for launching distributed denial of service assaults such because the Mirai botnet.
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This has given rise to a secondary trade of IoT safety gateways designed to detect and block malicious exercise outdoors of poorly secured home equipment like lighting controllers, crockpots, TV set-top packing containers, and cameras. The safety posture of the primary related vehicles is healthier, however there are nonetheless obtrusive vulnerabilities and gaps that should be addressed. Among the vulnerabilities highlighted in Upstream’s 2021 Automotive Cyber Safety Report
¹¹ embrace:

• Hackers discovered 19 vulnerabilities in a Mercedes-Benz E-class automobile that allowed them to remotely management the car, open doorways, and begin the engine.
• Hackers took management of a automobile’s OEM company community by reverse engineering a automobile’s transmission management unit to infiltrate the community.
• Over 300 vulnerabilities had been found in 40 fashionable digital management models utilized in vehicles.
• Hackers managed to achieve management over Tesla’s complete related automobile fleet by exploiting a vulnerability within the communications protocol.

Fashionable vehicles permit the software program to be up to date after the actual fact however usually require shoppers to come back to a store for an replace. Just a few leaders, like Tesla, have mastered the flexibility to securely replace software program at scale.

Constructing safe methods might want to tackle {hardware}, software program, and protocols and their interaction. {Hardware} safety points want to guard towards assaults during which a hacker can bodily replace a system to compromise safety or trigger harm.

For instance, the Stuxnet
¹² assault corrupted {hardware} in an Iranian uranium enrichment facility to ship miscalibrated timing knowledge that confused the management methods. The consequence was that the controller drove a whole bunch of costly centrifuge methods so quick that they exploded.

There are a number of the way hackers might launch distant hardware-directed assaults on UAVs. For instance, targeted beams of sound might confuse the inertial steerage unit used to manage a drone. Directed EMF beams may trigger a brief circuit on delicate electronics, and lasers or shiny lights may confuse or destroy digicam sensors.

Vulnerabilities in software program methods permit hackers to spy on or take distant management of methods to launch additional assaults. Early examples in IT methods included malware just like the Zeus Trojan that allowed hackers to spy on banking interactions to seize credentials and steal $500 million.
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In some circumstances, hackers are discovering methods to infiltrate software program provide chains to plant focused malware vulnerabilities. This was how hackers managed to burrow into hundreds of presidency, banking, and enterprise methods as a part of final 12 months’s Photo voltaic Winds breach.

The elemental idea on the coronary heart of the Zero Belief safety mannequin is to by no means belief and at all times confirm the provenance of every request.TII

The Zero Belief Safety Paradigm

The time period Zero Belief mannequin was coined by Forrester analysis in 2010 to indicate a brand new paradigm for securing distributed methods.
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Safety methods have historically been secured by hardening a bodily perimeter. However on the earth of cloud computing, the perimeter is extra nebulous. Zero belief safety connotes the concept of at all times authenticating and verifying each entry in an effort to safe round a extra versatile perimeter. The Zero Belief paradigm permits safety groups to plan for the chance that vulnerabilities could exist all through a sequence of interactions amongst a number of methods, comparable to throughout a number of cloud companies, knowledge processes, storage companies, and networks.

The elemental idea is to by no means belief and at all times confirm the provenance of every request. One other fundamental precept is to imagine {that a} breach has already occurred, making it important to restrict the blast radius of any breach.

Autonomous methods prolong automated processes throughout a greater diversity and bodily vary of {hardware}, communications protocols, in addition to management and orchestration mechanisms. Every of those brings with them their very own assault floor. Thus, safety groups want to reduce the influence {that a} breach on one degree might have on different methods.

Zero belief safety connotes the concept of at all times authenticating and verifying each entry in an effort to safe round a extra versatile perimeter.

Examples embrace assaults on management servers, communication networks, embedded system functions, bodily gadgets, software program provide chains, and silicon provide chains.

Autonomous system safety must be constructed throughout a number of impartial safety partitions in order that if one key or system is breached, the integrity of the entire is protected. Every system needs to be designed to fail safely and securely in order to reduce the influence on adjoining parts.

This could additionally make it tougher for hackers to escalate an assault on a low-level system to extra vital methods, as with the latest Log4J assaults. For instance, autonomous methods like autonomous drones want attestation schemes to make sure that solely licensed software program runs on the drones. An attestation scheme makes use of cryptographically signed software program updates to make sure that solely legitimate code can run on distant methods.

This prevents hackers from reprogramming a drone by simulating a legit program replace communication or changing legit updates with a bogus software program improve staged on the command heart.

Vulnerabilities in communication protocols might permit hackers to spy on drone exercise or simulate management indicators to take management of a drone. Such assaults might occur at any degree of the communication stack, from hacking into communications throughout the cloud, the wi-fi indicators between the cloud and a drone, or between a number of drones.

In some circumstances, hackers could possibly assault methods by mimicking communications inside a drone or autonomous automobile. For instance, researchers have discovered methods to hearken to and simulate the unprotected wi-fi communications concerned in tire strain monitoring.
¹⁵ This allowed them to trick the automobile into indicating {that a} good tire had a flat, which could trigger a car to cease.

Autonomous Techniques Infrastructure

Autonomous methods infrastructure wants to mix quite a lot of embedded computing platforms comparable to drone navigation methods, CPU-based architectures, and different varieties of devoted {hardware}. Current approaches are additionally mounted at design time, which results in utilizing untrusted software program to make use of peripherals in TEEs.

New approaches for composite enclaves can be required to increase TEEs to extra versatile designs. It’s additionally important to develop new instruments for detecting and responding to unknown and surprising modifications brought on by novel assault strategies. A belief verification infrastructure might prolong conventional API observability approaches to {hardware} by a mix of monitoring, logging, and tracing. These sorts of actions permit the development of steady verification mechanisms for anomaly and intrusion detection.

Offline profiling strategies might generate belief profiles that describe how the {hardware} is meant to function. Throughout operation, ongoing logging might be sure that the habits adheres to the belief profile.

Nonetheless, this must be constructed to reduce the danger of logging instruments being leveraged as a part of a side-channel assault. We additionally must discover new {hardware} capabilities and superior software program strategies to compartmentalize software program stacks throughout a number of ranges.

One of the crucial promising approaches is CHERI (Functionality {Hardware} Enhanced RISC Directions), which is being explored by DARPA, Google, SRI Worldwide, and the College of Cambridge.
¹⁸ Additional work is required to increase this method to enhance fine-grained compartmentalization on the working system degree. This might mix new middleware, OS libraries, unikernels, and varied mechanisms to grant and revoke authorization in an effort to implement compartmental constraints.

This can be required hanging the correct stability between completely different levels of flexibility in each configuration and figuring out the suitable privileges. We’re nonetheless within the early days of constructing large-scale autonomous methods, however as we scale them up, new issues like these can be required to increase zero-trust safety to embedded methods, autonomous methods, and methods of autonomous methods.

Enterprises and researchers are exploring methods to scale methods of particular person autonomous methods, with probably the most promising analysis at present being targeted on scaling methods of autonomous drones. In the long term, everybody needs to get to autonomous vehicles and factories and there’s a lot of experimentation happening with unmanned autos that are inclined to require a human driver or assistant within the case of supply autos.

However UAVs are already delivering worth at this time, and regulators are beginning to open the skies for extra bold functions. In early 2021, the FAA granted American Robotics the primary license to fly drones past the visible line of sight (BVLOS). All over the world, enterprises are working with regulators to develop Unmanned Site visitors Administration (UTM) methods. Main aerospace corporations and progressive start-ups are working with regulators to point out how varied mixtures of AI, superior mapping, vehicle-to- car communications, and encrypted communication and management might facilitate secure drone administration at scale.

In the USA, Boeing has partnered with SparkCognition on SkyGrid. Airbus is main efforts to advertise SESAR for the EU. Guardian Angel lately labored with U.Okay. regulators on Operation Zenith to show how a collection of on-airfield duties may very well be carried out with out endangering or disrupting airport operations. These are important efforts and are a needed first step in safely scaling fleets of trusted drones.

Nonetheless, UTM methods usually begin with the belief that drones are all trusted. Extra work must be carried out to grasp and analyze how these methods might be compromised and therefore trusted within the first place.

Researchers all over the world are exploring how particular person parts of those methods might be compromised and hardened. For instance, researchers in Germany and Switzerland have experimented with implementing quantum-safe cryptographic algorithms to guard drone communications. They argue that long-running drones may even must help crypto-agility that enables dynamic updating of safety algorithms in response to the invention of recent vulnerabilities.
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These researchers additionally explored find out how to implement distant attestation schemes that shield drones from software program tampering. Different researchers have explored drone cloud management mechanisms. For instance, a workforce of researchers in Brazil has developed the Cloud-SPHERE platform as one method for integrating UAVs into IoT and Cloud Computing paradigms.

Architectures that try to manage every drone or autonomous system immediately will run into scalability challenges because the variety of people within the swarm grows.TII

Bringing Safety to the Swarm

The subsequent section of autonomous drones would require growing structure to scale drone management and safety to help autonomous swarms. For instance, a set of low-cost drones might be orchestrated into drone swarms managed by the cloud to discover new use circumstances like search and rescue, disinfecting public areas, and coordinating duties comparable to lifting heavy tools past the capability of anyone drone.

One massive shift would be the want for extra distributed management mechanisms. Architectures that try to manage every drone or autonomous system immediately will run into scalability challenges because the variety of people within the swarm grows.

One method pursued by the TII’s Safe Techniques Analysis Centre (SSRC) is the event of a dynamic hierarchy composed of drones with completely different capabilities for management and activity execution. Related group of drones has been described earlier than, and our focus goes to be on safety and resilience in such a hierarchy.

On this scheme, a tier of Fog Drones acts as intermediaries between much less subtle Edge Drones and the cloud. The Fog Drone may also offload many duties comparable to summarizing enter from many Edge Drones to cut back the quantity of communication required with the cloud and between drones.

This could additionally scale back the quantity of processing required on every Edge Drone. This work can also be exploring how mesh networks can additional optimize and safe communications between drones working in constrained conditions comparable to a cave, fallen constructing, or hostile setting.

Cross-disciplinary analysis groups at SSRC are exploring methods to synthesize classes discovered from bodily testbeds into helpful and actionable safety fashions. Finally, these safety fashions might assist autonomous groups determine and enhance autonomous methods growth that spans drone {hardware}, software program implementations, and communications decisions earlier within the launch cycle.

A number of testbeds have additionally been developed at Masdar within the UAE and Purdue. One objective is to develop machine studying strategies at each the drone and cloud ranges to detect safety points and allow resilience.

One other objective is to develop instruments for testing these methods in augmented actuality environments for city settings. The groups are additionally exploring methods to enhance the flexibility to seize security-related knowledge into digital twins that mirror the safety implications of drones. This may assist automate the flexibility to mirror new safety vulnerabilities found in the actual world within the fashions shared with researchers.

These researchers are additionally discovering methods to harden open-source {hardware}, software program, and communication protocols for growing and deploying drone methods. This method opens the structure to a variety of safety and drone researchers to search out vulnerabilities sooner.

This open-source method might additionally profit from the fast innovation that the open-source robotics group is already seeing. Among the underpinnings of the present platform embrace the PX4 superior autopilot, NuttX real-time working methods, and the Robotic Working System 2 (ROS2).

The workforce has additionally developed and applied an open-source RISC-V processor and system on chip with specialised safety features baked in.

The Way forward for Autonomous Techniques Safety

At this time, virtually all drone functions contain the administration of particular person drones. The subsequent evolution of drone adoption would require discovering methods to scale each the command-and-control infrastructure , in addition to hardening the safety and resilience of those methods.

Finally, analysis round securing autonomous methods, and never simply particular person drones, will assist facilitate widespread business deployment. It’s important for designers of autonomous methods to undertake parts which were hardened and might be up to date commonly as new issues are found.

Many enterprises are adopting DevSecOps practices during which safety issues are undertaken as a part of the software program growth and deployment. In these circumstances, varied instruments are used to vet code updates towards identified finest practices and reject updates that fail fundamental safety assessments.

Enhancements in UAV architectures may be used to enhance the resilience of enterprise functions, autonomous warehouses, and good cities.

Afterwards, software program scanning instruments, comparable to WhiteHat and Distinction OSS, construct a list of libraries utilized by the apps, sending an alert when vital vulnerabilities are detected inside lively methods. Related approaches might want to prolong to enhance the parts utilized in growing and deploying autonomous methods that scan not solely the software program, but in addition the {hardware} and communications protocols used.

The primary outcomes of those sorts of collaborative drone safety applications are only the start. Finally, enhancements in UAV architectures may be used to enhance the resilience of enterprise functions, autonomous warehouses, and good cities.

As well as, higher instruments for modelling drone safety points may even inform the event of methods to guard towards largescale assaults by swarms of compromised drones. The FAA means that the evolution of UTM methods, which offer safety for UAVs, different infrastructure, and other people, ought to comply with a spiral method, beginning with low complexity operations and step by step constructing modules to help increased complexity operational ideas and necessities.

Equally, the evolution of instruments for bettering autonomous methods safety would require a spiral method as autonomous methods evolve.

References

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² Gartner. “Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Hyperautomation-Enabling Software program Market to Attain Practically $600 Billion by 2022.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-04-28-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-hyperautomation-enabling-software-market-to-reach-nearly-600-billion-by-2022

³ “Advisory and Rulemaking Committees – Unmanned Plane Techniques (UAS) Past Visible Line-of- Sight (BVLOS) Operations Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC).” Template. Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/committees/paperwork/index.cfm/committee/browse/committeeID/837

⁴ Goldman Sachs. “Drones: Reporting for Work.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/technology-driving-innovation/drones/

⁵ Ford, Georgina. “Counting Camels in The Desert – A Drone-Powered Success Story.” Business Drone Skilled (weblog), September 30, 2021.
https://www.commercialdroneprofessional.com/counting-camels-in-the-desert-a-drone-powered-success-story/

⁶ Douglas, Alex. “UAE to Emerge as World Chief in Utilizing Drones, Predicts Falcon Eye.” Business Drone Skilled (weblog), April 1, 2020. https://www.commercialdroneprofessional.com/uae-to-emerge-as-world-leader-in-using-drones-predicts-falcon-eye/

⁷ VentureBeat. “Nexar and Las Vegas Deal with Site visitors with Digital Twins,” September 27, 2021. https://venturebeat.com/enterprise/nexar-and-las-vegas-tackle-traffic-with-digital-twins/

⁸ “Area’s First Autonomous Port Truck System to Be Carried out GulfToday.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.gulftoday.ae/enterprise/2021/07/06/regions-first-autonomous-port–truck-system-to-be-implemented

⁹ Defaiya, Al. “Al Defaiya | Abu Dhabi’s ASPIRE Launches Over US$3 Million MBZIRC Maritime Grand Problem,” October 22, 2021. https://www.defaiya.com/information/Regionalpercent20News/UAE/2021/10/22/abu-dhabi-s-aspire-launches-over-us-3-million-mbzirc-maritime-grand-challenge

¹⁰ “The Mirai Botnet Defined: How IoT Units Virtually Introduced down the Web | CSO On-line.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.csoonline.com/article/3258748/the-mirai-botnet-explained-how-teen-scammers-and-cctv-cameras-almost-brought-down-the-internet.html

¹¹ Upstream Safety. “2021 Automotive Cybersecurity Report | Press Launch | Upstream.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://upstream.auto/press-releases/2021-report/

¹² Kushner, David (26 February 2013). “The Actual Story of Stuxnet”. IEEE Spectrum. 50 (3): 48–53. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2013.6471059. S2CID 29782870. https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-real-story-of-stuxnet

¹³ “$500 Million Botnet Citadel Attacked by Microsoft and the FBI | The Unbiased | The Unbiased.” Accessed March 16, 2022. https://www.impartial.co.uk/tech/500-million-botnet-citadel-attacked-by-microsoft-and-the-fbi-8647594.html

¹⁴ September 17, Kelly Jackson Higgins Editor-in-Chief and 2010. “Forrester Pushes ‘Zero Belief’ Mannequin For Safety.” Darkish Studying, September 17, 2010. https://www.darkreading.com/perimeter/forrester-pushes-zero-trust-model-for-security

¹⁵ BAE Techniques | Cyber Safety & Intelligence. “Safety Challenges for Related and Autonomous Autos.” Accessed March 16, 2022.
https://www.baesystems.com/en/cybersecurity/characteristic/security-challenges-for-connected-and-autonomous-vehicles

¹⁶ Yasin, Muhammad, and Ozgur Sinanoglu. “Evolution of logic locking.” In 2017 IFIP/IEEE Worldwide Convention on Very Giant-Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2017.

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