The nondescript, six-story workplace constructing on a busy road in New York’s Chinatown lists a number of mundane companies on its foyer listing, together with an engineering firm, an acupuncturist and an accounting agency.

A extra outstanding enterprise, on the third ground, is unlisted: a suspected Chinese language police outpost working with out jurisdiction or diplomatic approval — one in every of greater than 100 such outfits world wide which can be unnerving diplomats and intelligence brokers.

F.B.I. counterintelligence brokers searched the constructing final fall as a part of a legal investigation being carried out with the U.S. lawyer’s workplace in Brooklyn, in accordance with individuals with information of the inquiry. The search represents an escalation in a worldwide dispute over China’s efforts to police its diaspora far past its borders. Irish, Canadian and Dutch officers have known as for China to close down police operations of their nations. The F.B.I. raid is the primary identified instance of the authorities seizing supplies from one of many outposts.

Those that mentioned the F.B.I. search did so on situation of anonymity as a result of they weren’t licensed to debate the matter. The Chinese language Embassy in Washington on Wednesday performed down the position of the outposts, saying they’re staffed by volunteers who assist Chinese language nationals carry out routine duties like renewing their driver’s licenses again house.

However Chinese language state information media studies reviewed by The New York Instances cite police and native Chinese language officers by identify describing the operations very otherwise. They tout the effectiveness of the workplaces, that are continuously known as abroad police service facilities. Some studies describe the Chinese language outposts “gathering intelligence” and fixing crimes overseas with out collaborating with native officers. The general public statements depart it murky who precisely is working the workplaces. Typically they’re known as volunteers; different instances as employees members or, in at the least one case, the director.

A few of these on-line articles have been deleted lately as Western officers and human rights teams have known as consideration to the police workplaces.

Western officers see the outposts as a part of Beijing’s bigger drive to maintain tabs on Chinese language nationals overseas, together with dissidents. Probably the most infamous such effort is named Operation Fox Hunt, during which Chinese language officers seek out fugitives overseas and strain them to return house.

No less than 4 Chinese language localities — Fuzhou, Qingtian, Nantong and Wenzhou — have arrange dozens of police outposts, in accordance with state media accounts and public statements revealed in China. They determine websites in Japan, Italy, France, Britain, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and different nations.

“It’s extraordinarily worrying from the human rights perspective. We’re basically permitting the Chinese language diaspora to be managed by the P.R.C. quite than topic to our nationwide legal guidelines,” stated Igor Merheim-Eyre, an adviser to a Slovakian member of the European Parliament, utilizing the acronym for the Folks’s Republic of China. “That clearly has a huge effect — not just for our relationships with the Chinese language diaspora throughout Europe, but in addition has enormous implications for nationwide sovereignty.”

The New York outpost, which was arrange by town of Fuzhou, relies within the workplaces of a Chinese language neighborhood group, the America Changle Affiliation NY, in accordance with the state-run China Youth Each day, which final yr revealed a doc itemizing varied police outposts. Changle is a district within the metropolis of Fuzhou. The article has since been deleted. Different addresses of Chinese language police outposts match places of personal companies, together with Chinese language eating places and industrial associations. The Chinese language embassy in Washington described the areas as “offered by native abroad Chinese language communities who wish to be useful.”

America Changle is headed by Lu Jianshun, often known as Jimmy Lu, a donor to Mayor Eric Adams of New York. It’s unclear whether or not he’s a spotlight of the F.B.I.’s investigation. A spokesman for Mr. Adams stated the mayor doesn’t know him.

Mr. Lu, requested throughout a quick telephone dialog concerning the F.B.I. search, stated he would name again however didn’t. He didn’t reply to phone and textual content messages searching for remark. Spokesmen for the F.B.I. and the U.S. lawyer’s workplace in Brooklyn declined to remark, however the F.B.I. director, Christopher Wray, instructed lawmakers in November that he was conscious of and anxious by the outposts, which he known as police stations.

The Chinese language Embassy in Washington stated the websites usually are not police stations. “They aren’t police personnel from China,” stated the embassy spokesperson, Liu Pengyu. “There isn’t any must make individuals nervous about this.”

It’s not routinely inappropriate for law enforcement officials to work abroad. The F.B.I., for instance, posts brokers overseas. However they usually declare themselves to the overseas authorities and work out of American embassies. In the event that they carry out regulation enforcement duties, it’s with the permission of the native authorities. China has made related preparations for joint patrols in locations like Italy, a well-liked vacation spot for Chinese language vacationers.

That makes the off-the-books operations all of the extra curious.

China’s International Ministry has stated little in response to the criticism, however again in China, police departments have trumpeted their attain and information-gathering powers each in official statements and within the state information media.

One article in a newspaper related to the propaganda division of China’s Qingtian County describes a Chinese language lady who stated she had cash stolen in Budapest. As a substitute of calling the native authorities, she sought assist from the Chinese language police outpost there. The individuals in control of the police middle, the article stated, used surveillance footage from a comfort retailer to determine the thief, a Romanian, and recovered the cash via “negotiation and training.”

The state-run China Information Service stated Qingtian’s abroad police facilities gathered info on public opinion and the sentiment of Chinese language individuals residing overseas.

And an article posted by a Communist Social gathering physique in Jiangsu province stated that Nantong Metropolis Abroad Police Linkage Service Facilities had helped seize and persuade greater than 80 legal suspects to return to China since February 2016. The human rights group Safeguard Defenders stated in a report late final yr that the police stations carried out related operations in Serbia, Spain and France.

It’s not clear what the F.B.I. was investigating throughout its search, however it comes amid a broader Justice Division effort to rein in Fox Hunt. In October, prosecutors in Brooklyn — the identical workplace that searched the New York workplace — charged seven Chinese language nationals with harassing a U.S. resident and his son, pressuring the person to return to China to face legal costs.

“It’s outrageous that China thinks it will probably come to our shores, conduct unlawful operations and bend individuals right here in the USA to their will,” Mr. Wray stated in 2020, after the authorities charged eight others with being a part of Fox Hunt.

The Chinese language authorities has additionally surveilled and pressured ethnic minorities overseas, together with Uyghurs and Tibetans, in addition to their households. Human rights teams and authorities officers worry that the outposts could possibly be bases for these sorts of operations.

Present and former regulation enforcement officers in New York say that the Chinatown outpost, like others elsewhere in the USA, date to the center of the final decade. Police officers in at the least one Chinese language province tried then to rearrange for his or her officers to coach with the New York Police Division and different departments in cities which can be house to giant Chinese language communities, the regulation enforcement officers stated.

The Chinese language officers needed the N.Y.P.D. to signal a memorandum of understanding to stipulate the coaching program and make it official. However senior commanders and New York F.B.I. officers had severe considerations. They feared that the coaching program might legitimize the presence of Chinese language officers and doubtlessly make the N.Y.P.D. an unwitting associate in a marketing campaign of surveillance and harassment, the officers stated.

“The Chinese language authorities needs to have extra affect and to increase their transnational policing,” stated Chen Yen-ting, a Taiwan-based researcher who labored on the Safeguard Defenders report. “It’s a long-arm energy to indicate their very own residents inside China that their authorities is so robust. We’ve got the ability to succeed in globally, and even in the event you exit, you’re nonetheless below our management.”

The Chinese language cities look like taking steps to hide their efforts. Márton Tompos, a Hungarian lawmaker, stated he visited a Chinese language police middle in Budapest final yr. “There have been three indicators saying Qingtian Police Abroad Service Station,” he stated in an interview. After he spoke concerning the go to, he stated, the indicators have been eliminated.

Not everyone seems to be satisfied that the outposts current a significant risk. Jeremy Daum, a scholar on the Paul Tsai China Middle at Yale Regulation College, stated that although authorities harassment of Chinese language nationals is a major problem, for probably the most half these personnel seem targeted on arranging administrative duties by offering video hyperlinks between Chinese language individuals overseas and police departments again in China.

In idea, an individual might perform the identical video chat course of, he stated, utilizing a smartphone.

“The processing and exercise appears to be taking place in China,” Mr. Daum stated, referring to examples cited within the Safeguard Defenders report.

Chinese language dissidents in Europe see issues otherwise. “These are issues you will get performed on the embassy,” stated Lin Shengliang, a Chinese language dissident within the Netherlands. He stated individuals worry the police are retaining tabs on them.

“I’m extraordinarily anxious about them,” he stated by telephone. “There aren’t any channels to report this, and there’s nothing we are able to do about it.”

Benjamin Weiser and Zixu Wang contributed reporting. Susan C. Beachy contributed analysis.